The Science Behind the Merle Pattern in Dogs

Merle in dogs is one of the most intriguing coat patterns in the dog world, both in its appearance and its genetics. Also known as dapple, merle is characterized by irregular blotches of fur set on a lighter background of the same pigment, such as solid black on gray (called blue merle) or solid brown on tan (red merle). Blue and partially blue eyes are often seen with the merle pattern, as well.

 

Although beautiful and unique, this color can also be associated with health problems, primarily deafness and blindness. Awareness is key to responsible breeding; it is not recommended to breed two merles together. There are several merle dog breeds where the pattern is commonly found and accepted as a breed standard. Research shows that the gene responsible for merle in dogs is the same in every breed, indicating that it is an ancient mutation that predates the formation of dog breeds. It is unlikely to have arisen independently in different breeds.

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What Gene Causes Merle in Dogs’ Coat?

The merle coat color lies in basic genetics, where there is a dominant and recessive trait to produce those gorgeous splotches. This is the merle allele (M) and one copy of the non-merle allele (m). The merle (M) allele is a semi-dominant gene, meaning it only takes one copy of the M allele to produce a merle. So, every merle dog has one copy of the merle allele (M) and one copy of the non-merle allele (m), meaning every merle dog has an Mm genotype, and, therefore, every non-merle dog has an mm genotype. The merle allele was first discovered at Texas A&M University’s College of Veterinary Medicine in 2006. The merle coat color is governed by a type of mutation called a SINE insertion in the SILV (also called PMEL17) gene.

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What about dogs with two merle alleles (MM)? These “double merles” (or “double-dapples”) don’t look like merles. They usually have much more white on them—and some can be almost pure white. The fully pigmented splotches are much smaller, and the background color is much whiter.

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What Health Concerns are Associated With a Merle Coat?

The merle pattern can lead to a slew of health problems. The most common is hearing loss in one or both ears. Having even a single M allele actually raises the chance of being deaf, although the chance of an Mm merle being bilaterally deaf is still less than 1 percent. The presence of two M genes, however, greatly increases the chance of deafness, depending on what breed it’s in. For example, in one study, about 10 percent of MM Catahoula Leopard Dogs, about 56 percent of MM Australian Shepherds, and about 85 percent of all other MM dogs studied were deaf in both ears.

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Double-merle dogs also often have microphthalmia, in which the eyes are abnormally small (sometimes barely there) and often nonfunctional. They may also have abnormal pupils. It’s best to avoid breeding a merle to a merle. Because both parents will have the Mm genotype, on average only half the offspring will be merle (Mm). More importantly, you’re likely to produce a quarter that are double-merle (MM).

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How DNA Tests Can Help Determine Merle

Although not all double-merles have auditory or visual problems, it’s best to avoid taking the chance. That sounds simple enough: Just don’t breed two merles together. The problem is that not all merles are obvious, such as “hidden” merle and “cryptic merle.”

In hidden merle, the merle pattern is hidden by the action of genes at another location. The recessive “ee” genotype inhibits the expression of any dark pigment, including the dark pigment in merles. If a dog were Mm and ee, it would just look cream or red in any pigmented area since the merle mutation only affects dark pigment. In cryptic merle, the merle pattern is expressed only in very small areas, so small you might not notice them unless you searched the dog’s entire body for a trace. But these dogs can also carry the M allele and may produce merles as well. That’s why it’s essential to DNA test before you breed any dog from a breed or family known to produce merle. A DNA test can tell you if your dog has zero, one, or two M alleles. As you can see, while the inheritance of merle in dogs seems simple at first, it can get pretty complicated. Fortunately, you don’t really need to know any more about the science to appreciate its beauty and to make wise breeding decisions.

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Why Do Some Dogs Have More Merle Than Others?

You may notice that some dogs only have the merle pattern on their face, for example, while others show splotches on their entire body. There’s some additional science behind that. The SILV gene involved with merle in dogs is responsible for producing a matrix that essentially holds the pigment in place. In a non-merle dog, the matrix is completely formed and pigment stays put. But if one SILV allele has this insertion of extra genetic material in it, the matrix has holes in it. Pigment granules escape from the holes, leaving a faded coat color. However, the length of this genetic insertion is not very stable, and as cells divide during embryogenesis, which is the process of the development of an embryo, it may shrink or expand. In some embryonic cells, it shrinks to the point of being nearly normal, and the matrix these cells produce is almost complete. During development, cells derived from these near-normal embryonic cells give rise to patches of the fully pigmented coat. Thus, merles are a mosaic of copies derived from cells with various degrees of “leaky” matrixes and normal matrixes. The size of each patch depends on how early in embryogenesis the insertion size mutated, with larger patches descended from earlier mutation events. Merle is a complicated and fascinating color pattern—both in appearance and in genetics. That’s why dog breeders and geneticists alike consider merle in dogs beautiful.

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Breeders’ Responsibility in Preserving Genetic Diversity

In the realm of responsible breeding, preserving genetic diversity is paramount. Merle breeding, with its intricate patterns and color combinations, offers a unique challenge in maintaining the health and vitality of the breed. Breeders play a crucial role in ensuring the best color choices for merle breeding, striking a balance between aesthetic appeal and the well-being of the dogs. The merle gene, a dilution gene, is responsible for the distinctive blotched white markings with patches of solid coloration. This gene produces a spectrum of coat colors, including captivating shades of gray, blue, red, and lilac. The best colors for merle breeding stem from the desire to maintain genetic diversity while preserving breed standards.

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When embarking on merle breeding, choosing the right color combination is imperative. Breeders often opt for black dogs, as they produce striking tri-colors with a vibrant merle pattern. Black and red pairings result in tri-colors with distinct merle patterns, captivating the eyes of many.

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Genetic diversity is crucial in merle breeding, as the merle gene can mask undesirable markings. Breeders should prioritize preserving the breed’s unique characteristics while exploring new and interesting color combinations. Blue merles with tri-color markings (black, white, and red) are highly sought after, esteemed for their striking appearance. Lilac tri-colors (sometimes referred to as lavender or gray), a mesmerizing blend of hues, also garner much attention. Red tri-color merles, with their vibrant combination of colors, complete the list of sought-after color combinations in merle breeding. Preserving genetic diversity in merle breeding goes beyond aesthetics. It ensures the health and well-being of these beautiful dogs.

 

Responsible breeders prioritize health testing, avoiding breeding merle to merle to minimize potential health concerns. They select healthy and ethically-sourced stock with suitable temperaments and a diverse genetic makeup. Consideration should be given to genetic testing to assess potential hereditary issues and guide breeding decisions effectively. Maintaining detailed breeding records is essential, tracking lineage, health, and temperament traits for future reference. Developing color gradually and with control is crucial in merle breeding, observing and monitoring changes in merle patterns and eye color as puppies grow.